Campidoglio (Capitoline Hill), Rome

The Capitoline Hill, one of Rome’s Seven Hills, holds a storied past rooted in both mythology and history. Originally called Mount Saturn and dedicated to the Roman god Saturn, the hill later gained the name “Capitolium,” initially referring to the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. A myth ties its name to caput ("head") after a human skull was unearthed during the temple’s construction. The hill, symbolizing indestructibility and eternity, inspired the term “capitol,” eventually influencing sites like Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.

Historically, the Capitoline served as a sacred and civic center. It withstood the Gaulish invasion of 390 BC and witnessed key events such as Julius Caesar’s penance and the destructive fire during the Year of Four Emperors (69 AD). By the Middle Ages, the hill evolved into a governance hub under papal authority. Its transformation was completed in the Renaissance when Michelangelo redesigned it into a civic landmark.

Michelangelo’s Capitol Square, commissioned by Pope Paul III between 1536 and 1546, reoriented the hill from the Roman Forum toward Saint Peter’s Basilica, reflecting a shift to Christian symbolism. Central to the square is the equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, believed to represent Emperor Constantine. The square features intricate paving with cosmic motifs, though this element was added in 1940.

The square is surrounded by three palaces. The Conservators' Palace, renovated by Michelangelo in the 16th century, incorporates colossal Corinthian pilasters, while the New Palace, built in the 17th century, mirrors its design. The 14th-century Senatorial Palace, atop the ancient Tabularium, serves as city hall, with Michelangelo’s double staircase integrating it seamlessly into the plaza. Accessed by the cordonata, a wide gradual ramp flanked by the statues of Castor and Pollux (the twin half-brothers in Greek and Roman mythology), the hill exemplifies Renaissance grandeur.

Tips:
For a memorable experience, be sure to enjoy the amazing views of the city and the Roman Forum from both the museums' plaza and the Vittorio Emanuele II Monument, particularly from its top accessible via the elevator. Keep in mind that dedicating at least half a day is recommended, as there are numerous magnificent buildings and squares located behind the rear of the main building.