Roman Baths, Potsdam

The Roman Baths in Potsdam form a picturesque ensemble that contrasts with the austere Charlottenhof Palace nearby. This Romantic complex evokes the atmosphere of an Italian estate, complete with herms of Dionysus, fragments of Pompeian columns, an ancient Centaur sarcophagus, and gardens filled with southern vegetables and lush decorative plants, creating an idealized vision of Italy.

The concept of the Roman Baths was heavily influenced by Crown Prince Frederick William IV, who later became King. He was a talented draftsman and provided numerous sketches that laid out his vision for this unique architectural ensemble. His ideas were brought to life by renowned architects Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Ludwig Persius. Starting in 1829, a series of structures were built, including the Court Gardener’s House, a pavilion resembling a Roman podium temple with a pillared portico, the Gardener’s Assistant’s House, the Large Arbor, the Arcade Hall, and finally, the Roman Baths.

Contrary to what their name might suggest, the Roman Baths were not designed as a replica of Roman thermal baths or an ancient villa. Instead, Frederick William IV envisioned a new architectural creation inspired by a 15th-century Italian country house. The design playfully incorporated elements of ancient building techniques, informed by recent archaeological discoveries in Herculaneum and Pompeii. The informal sequence of rooms and spaces, including the Atrium, Impluvium, Caldarium, Apodyterium, Viridarium, and Billiard Room, reflect this blend of historical styles.

The Roman Baths feature distinctive architectural elements, such as flat and saddleback roofs, a tower, asymmetrically connected components, and pergolas adorned with vine leaves. A terrace provides a scenic view across a pond toward Charlottenhof Palace, further enhancing the site's unique character. The surrounding landscaped park, designed by the famed garden designer Peter Joseph Lenné, complements the architectural ensemble. Notably, the Roman Baths served as a retreat for Frederick William IV and were also a residence for the distinguished scientist Alexander von Humboldt during his visits to Potsdam.