Ljubljanski grad (Ljubljana Castle), Ljubljana (must see)

Perched atop Castle Hill, this imposing medieval fortress dominates the skyline of Ljubljana and stands as the city's most prominent landmark. Its origins trace back to the 11th and 12th centuries, undergoing numerous renovations, reconstructions, and expansions over time. The complex as we see it today took shape in the 15th century, with further additions in the 16th and 17th centuries.

The site around the castle has been inhabited since 1200 BC, believed to have been fortified by the Roman army. Throughout the 13th century, ownership changed hands multiple times, passing from the rulers of Carniola to King Ottokar II of Bohemia, and ultimately to Rudolph of Habsburg following a battle. The fortress saw occupation by the French Army in 1797 and 1809, serving as a prison during various periods, including the Austrian Empire's rule in the 19th century and World War II. Notable figures imprisoned here include Hungarian Prime Minister Lajos Batthyány, revolutionary Silvio Pellico, and author Ivan Cankar.

The iconic viewing tower, constructed in 1848, once served as a lookout point where a guard would fire cannons to signal fires or welcome important visitors. However, as the need for fortification waned and maintenance costs soared, the castle fell into disrepair during the 19th century. In 1905, the Municipality of Ljubljana eventually repurposed it to house economically disadvantaged families.

Today, visitors can ascend the Outlook Tower and stroll the ramparts for beautiful city views. The castle also hosts museum exhibitions on Slovenian history, a puppet museum, and various historical rooms including the Chapel of Saint George and the Prison. Additionally, the grounds feature a café (Grajska kavarna Lolita), a nightclub (Jazz Club Ljubljanski grad), a wine bar (Grajska vinoteka Strelec), and two restaurants (Strelec and Gostilna na Gradu). The site has also morphed into a vibrant cultural hub, hosting art exhibitions, family entertainment, dance evenings, and open-air film screenings during the summer under the banner of "Film under the Stars".